I. Intellectual Encounter: Nietzsche as Method Rather Than Doctrine Michel Foucault’s engagement with Friedrich Nietzsche is not a conventional “influence study” in which ideas are transmitted from one thinker to another. It is better understood as a methodological appropriation in which Nietzsche becomes the generator of a new critical practice: genealogy. Foucault repeatedly acknowledges Nietzsche […]

I. Framing the Encounter: Psychoanalysis as Object Rather Than Doctrine Michel Foucault’s relationship to psychoanalysis is not that of a sympathetic reader refining its concepts, nor that of a simple opponent refuting its claims. It is more precise to describe it as a genealogical displacement: psychoanalysis is treated as an object within a historical field

I. Intellectual Context: Psychoanalysis Meets Deconstruction Jacques Derrida’s engagement with psychoanalysis emerges within the broader trajectory of deconstruction, a philosophical movement that interrogates the stability of meaning, presence, and foundational structures in Western metaphysics. His reading of Sigmund Freud does not simply critique psychoanalysis as a psychological theory; it reconfigures it as a textual system

I. Intellectual Ground of the Debate: Two Models of the Human Subject The confrontation between Jean-Paul Sartre and Sigmund Freud is not a direct historical debate in the form of a single documented exchange, but a sustained theoretical opposition that structures twentieth-century thinking about subjectivity, freedom, and determinism. It is a collision between two radically

1. Foundational Orientation: What is Literature? What is Meaning? Theory Ontological View of Literature Primary Site of Meaning Core Assumption Formalism Autonomous linguistic structure Internal devices (form, language) Literature is a system of organized techniques New Criticism Self-contained verbal object Textual unity and relations Meaning is internal and structurally unified Structuralism System of signs within

I. Intellectual Origins: Crisis of Meaning and the Emergence of the Existential Subject Existentialism emerges as a philosophical and literary response to the profound destabilization of meaning in modern European thought. Its origins are not confined to a single discipline but arise at the intersection of philosophy, theology, literature, and the cultural dislocations of modernity—industrialization,

I. Intellectual Origins: From Text-Centered Criticism to the Emergence of the Reader Reader-response theory emerges in the mid-to-late twentieth century as a methodological reorientation within literary studies that shifts critical attention from the autonomous text to the act of reading itself. It develops partly in response to the limitations perceived in both New Criticism and

I. Intellectual Origins: From Sexual Politics to Theoretical Disruption of Identity Queer theory emerged in the late twentieth century as a radical reconfiguration of how sexuality, identity, and cultural meaning are understood within humanities scholarship. Its intellectual formation is inseparable from feminist theory, post-structuralism, psychoanalysis, and LGBTQ+ political movements that challenged dominant regimes of heterosexual

I. Intellectual Origins: Reaction Against Historicism and the Rise of Textual Autonomy New Criticism emerged in the early twentieth century as a decisive reaction against biographical criticism, historical determinism, and impressionistic literary interpretation. It developed primarily in the Anglo-American academic context between the 1920s and 1950s, with foundational contributions from critics such as I. A.

I. Intellectual Origins: From Linguistic Science to Literary Autonomy Russian Formalism emerged in the second decade of the twentieth century as a radical attempt to redefine the object of literary study. Its intellectual formation is inseparable from the broader crisis of representation in European thought and the emergence of modern linguistics as a scientific discipline.